Make Mine Mutants!

Daredevil, Marvel comics, and plenitude in contemporary America

Despite mediocre reviews, the latest movie based on a Marvel comic book, Daredevil, opened as the nation's undisputed box office champ, grossing over $45 million during its first weekend.

While Daredevil's Dr. Doom-like grip on the top slot will surely loosen over the coming weeks, Marvel-inspired movie madness won't be disappearing any time soon. Last year's Spider-Man put over $400 million worth of asses in U.S. theaters, enough to garner the number five spot on the all-time domestic box office chart; the foreign take basically doubled that. The sure-fire hit sequel to 2000's wildly popular X-Men flick arrives in May and A-list director Ang Lee's much-anticipated The Incredible Hulk follows in June. These days, mega-sized movie mobs seem to be shouting what a few decades ago only a small, shunned subculture of comics readers dared whisper: "Make Mine Marvel!"

This is, to say the least, an interesting turn of events, one that is on the face of it every bit as surprising and unbelievable as, well, a bad comic book plot. After all, Marvel only recently suffered one of the more spectacular flameouts in recent corporate history, sliding into bankruptcy during the cash-crazy 1990s and generally being given up for dead. Part of Marvel's renaissance is due to the smart team that oversaw the company's emergence from bankruptcy in 1998. The suits have made a strategic decision to treat Marvel, which owns the rights to almost 5,000 characters, as something like an intellectual property warehouse. By shifting the focus to licensing properties and rebuilding its comic-book core, Marvel is allowing creative talent to flourish while minimizing risk to investors.

But savvy business practices only take you so far as an explanation for cultural ascendancy. Nor can Marvel's success simply be seen as an endless appetite for films about just any sort of costumed do-gooders. After all, the two main movie franchises inspired by Marvel's distinguished competition, DC Comics, have been sucking on kryptonite for years. After starting off strong, the Superman series fizzled out with 1987's Superman IV: The Quest for Peace, a neutron bomb of a flick that left theaters standing while killing off the few remaining fans of Man of Steel cinema. Similarly, 1997's Batman & Robin, the last installment in a series that demonstrates the law of diminishing returns better than most economic textbooks could ever hope to, managed to turn away crowds far more effectively than Fredric Wertham's homophobic declamations in Seduction of the Innocent.

A larger reason for Marvel's success may be that mainstream American society is more fully engaging the recurrent themes and motifs that have made Marvel Comics unique since the early '60s, when most of its signature characters first appeared. "The Mighty Marvel Universe"—to use a phrase coined by the comic book auteur Stan Lee, who was responsible for shaping if not fully creating many of its inhabitants—has always been a topos of relentless human mutation and transformation that simultaneously terrifies, individualizes, and empowers.

We all know the origin stories: After being bitten by a radioactive spider, Peter Parker develops super-strength and more; after being belted with "gamma rays," Bruce Banner turns into the Incredible Hulk, a green-skinned rageaholic with a heart of gold; the X-Men (and X-Women) are of a wholly different race (homo superior) and born with their distinctive powers and their distinctive bodies. Matt Murdock, Daredevil's alter ego, is blinded by radioactive waste but emerges with extra-keen senses of hearing, smell, touch, and taste. Again and again in Marvel comics, precisely that which makes someone an individual alienates him from others (who can Spider-Man confide in?), even as it makes him interesting (who would read about just plain old Peter Parker)?

To engage the Marvel Universe, then, is to contemplate an existentialist koan, an insoluble riddle about individual identity, community, and self-transformation. How does a person, much less a society, balance these things? To engage the Marvel Universe is also to engage our contemporary world, which anthropologist Grant McCracken has convincingly argued is characterized by "plenitude," or "the quickening speciation of social types." Pick any category of humans—seniors, say, or teens, or goths, or gays, or straights—and there are more identities available to individuals than ever before, and, says McCracken, generally more acceptance of that choice. As important, this transformation process is never fully under our control, even as we strive to direct it through ever-varied patterns of culture-making and operations small and large, figurative and literal.

Spider-Man, The Hulk, the X-Men, Daredevil—that's us on the big screen. No wonder we're packing the theaters to watch.